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FHE Technology: The Future and Challenges of Blockchain Privacy Computing
FHE: The Future of Privacy Computing
Fully Homomorphic Encryption ( FHE ) is an advanced encryption technology that allows computations to be performed directly on encrypted data, thereby processing data while protecting privacy. FHE has potential applications in various fields such as finance, healthcare, and cloud computing, and is particularly suitable for data processing and analysis under privacy protection. However, due to its significant computational and memory overhead, the commercialization of FHE still requires time.
The basic principle of FHE is to hide the original information through polynomials and introduce random noise to enhance security. To achieve infinite depth of computation, FHE employs techniques such as key switching, modulus switching, and bootstrapping to manage noise. Currently, mainstream FHE schemes include BGV, BFV, CKKS, and TFHE.
Despite the promising prospects of FHE technology, its biggest challenge is computational efficiency. Compared to ordinary computation, the computational overhead of FHE can be millions of times higher. To address this, the U.S. Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency ( DARPA ) launched a dedicated Dprive program aimed at improving the computational speed of FHE to about 1/10th of ordinary computation. The program focuses on increasing processor word length, building dedicated ASIC chips, and implementing MIMD parallel architecture, attempting to break through the performance bottleneck of FHE.
In the field of blockchain, FHE is mainly used to protect data privacy, including on-chain privacy transactions, AI training data privacy protection, privacy voting, etc. Some projects like Fhenix and Privasea are exploring the application of FHE in blockchain. Among them, Zama has developed a relatively mature FHE toolchain based on the TFHE scheme, providing convenience for blockchain projects.
Although FHE is still in its early stages and faces numerous technical challenges, with the development of dedicated chips and ongoing capital investment, FHE is expected to bring disruptive changes in the future, particularly in fields that have high privacy requirements such as defense, finance, and healthcare. As a highly promising cutting-edge technology, FHE deserves continuous attention and exploration from the industry.